Christopher Alexander – Pattern Language
notes – to inform Urban design theory drawings
Towns and buildings will not be able to
become alive, unless they are made by all the people in society.
Each pattern describes a problem which
occurs over and over again in our
environment, and then describes the core of
the solution to that problem.
All spaces are better if the patterns which
it needs are compressed as far as it is possible for them to be. Creating deeper, more profound meanings –
like poetry.
Metropolitan regions will not come to
balance until each one is small and autonomous enough to be an independent
sphere of culture.
Autonomous/ self governing
Green fingers cutting through the urban
areas.
Urban fingers should never be more than 1
mile wide.
Farm fingers should never be less than 1
mile wide.
City fingers on the upper slope of hill
sides.
Cycle path cutting through the hills?
Hills for building
Valleys for crops
Footpaths
Self contained towns – populations between
500-1000
Farmland freely used by the people
Parks are dead and artificial – a right to
picnic in farmland and walk and play – provided they respect the animals and
crops
Make all regional parks into working farms
Mosaic of subcultures – subcultures with
subculture boundaries – green boundaries – create diversity and strengths of
character – not non-descript people.
Largest subcultures as much as a mile
across.
A core focused on a special way
Interesting services – hotels, restaurants,
theatres, shops, carnivals, cafes, hotels, night clubs.
Neighbourhoods with identifiable characters.
Access into neighbourhoods subtly restricted?
Whole community subtly restricted.
GATEWAYS that mark its boundaries
Kind of public meeting ground.
Public land at boundary – road, collector roads, small parking lots.
TRANSPORT – rich connections between a variety of different systems. Have to be fast, short connections.With short walking distances between the two.
Interchanges are primary and that transport lines are secondary.
Look at the swiss railway system as an overlay. The densest network in the world.
Many different lines of many different types will meet at every interchange.
Shield high speed roads acoustically – protect the life around them.
One side bounded by a road other side directly open to the countryside.
Access to learning resources for anyone.
Workshops for learning. Youth groups
Seminars
WEB OF SHOPPING
MIXED use areas
Vehicles half like a bus/half like a taxi
Four storey limit higher towards the centre – lower towards the edges.
High rise living takes people away from the ground and away from the casual living that occurs on the sidewalks, streets and on the gardens and porches.
9 per cent parking?
Underground parking under a major road.
No more than 30 parking spaces per acre.
Major roads in the boundaries between neighbourhoods.
Land immediately along the water’s edge must be preserved for common use.
Only allow settlements to come right down to the water at infrequent intervals along the water’s edge.
Do not build roads within one mile of water.
Important settings for all age groups:
Infant – Home, crib, nursery garden
Young child – own place, couple’s realm, children’s realm, commons, connected play
Child – play space, own place, common land, neighbourhood, animals
Youngster – children’s home, school, own place, adventure, play, club, community
Youth – cottage, teenage society, hostels, apprentice, town and region
Young adult – household, couple’s realm, small work group, the family, network of learning
Adult – work community, the family town hall, a room of one’s own
Old person – settled work, cottage, the family, independent regions
Full cycle of life is represented and balanced in each community.
LOCAL CENTRES
NEED INTENSE activity and intense quiet
Shopping centres as subculture boundaries.
Centre should lie in the boundary.
Does need to extend into the boundary slightly
Accumulation of density to form clear peaks and valleys.
Draw rings from the centre of main activity – and assign different desnsities to each ring.
Semi circle density gradient for each of the rings
D1
D2
D3
Each person makes their own choice according to his personal preference for the balance of density and distance.
Stable density configuration
Neighbourhood with a stable density configuration , the land would not need to cost different prices at different distances, because the total available number of houses in each ring would exactly correspond to the number of people who wanted to live at those distances.
Density gradients game
p.159
first draw a map of the three concentric half rings. Make it a half circle – if you accept the arguments of eccentric nucleus – otherwise a full circle – smooth this half circle to fit the horse shoe of the highest density mark its centre as the centre of that horse shoe.
If the overall radius of the half-circle is R, then the mean radii of the three rings are R1, R2, R3
R1=r/6
R2= 3r/6
R3 = 5r/6
Once the nucleus of a community is clearly placed – define rings of decreasing housing density around this nucleus.
ACTIVITY NODES
Facilities functioned around a node must function in a co-operative manner – must attract the same kinds of people, at the same times of day.
Kindergartens, small parks and gardens grouped together.
Ativity centres distributed evenly across the community.
Nodes of activity throughout the community – spread about 300 yards apart. At the centre of each node make a small public square and surround it with a combination of community facilities and shops – which are mutually supportive.
Connect dense centres with wider more important path for strolling – promenades.
Make special centres for night activity
New paths must pass through the centres.
Mutually self-reinforcing facilities – work community, university as a marketplace, local town hall, health centre, birth places, teenage society, shopfront school, individually owned shops, street café, food stands, beer hall
People use promenades with 20 minutes of the place in which they live.
Promenades at frequent intervals
20 feet wide at the most
better if closer to 10ft wide
clusters of eating places and small shops
promenade must provide people with a strong goal
a variety of facilities will function as destinations along the promenade:
-ice cream parlours
coke shops
churches
public gardens
movie houses
bars
volleyball courts
planting of trees, walls to lean against, stairs and benches, niches for sitting.
p.173 for the diagram
carnival and dancing in the street
underneath parking below the shopping centre off the major artery road.
Overlay the stroget Copenhagen over the area.
Have lots of individually owned small shops as much as possible
Some housing in between.
Evening activity – movies, cafes, ice cream parlours, gas stations and bars.
A minimum of six establishments for night life.
A movie theatre, a bar, restaurant, bookstore open til midnight
Laundromat, liquor store, café, meeting hall, beer hall
Lodge hall, bowling alley, bar, play house, a terminal, a diner, hotels, nightclubs, casinos
Well lit, safe and lively places.
INTERCHANGES
Where people can change from their bikes or local mini buses, to the long distance transit lines that connect different transport areas to one another.
Interchanges must be extremely convenient and easy to use. Must connect with the surrounding flow of pedestrian street life.
All workplaces must be within walking distance of the interchanges.
Old people must be zoned near to public transportation – they are regular users.
Interchange must be continuos with local pedestrian life. Shops and kiosk in the interchange 600 feet max walk between interchanges. Outside of the interchange as an activity node.
Where necessary keep transfers under cover.
Household mix – diff sizes – studios, 1 beds, 2 beds etc etc
Families 45 percent
Couples 10 percent
Group households 15 percent
Singles 30 percent
Extrovert-introvert continuum
Those on backwaters have twisting paths, secluded
Public houses – busy streets
Clusters of 12 houses – forces and physically knits the group together
Row of houses for higher density areas.
Long thin row houses – fronted onto paths p.206
30 row houses at a density of 30 per net acre. Maintain contact with the ground and their neighbours.
Common ground between houses is the medium through which people are able to make contact with one another.
HOUSING HILLS RESEARCH
With a gradual slope toward the south and a garage for parking below the hill.
Build a hill of houses p.214 build them to form stepped terraces – sloping toward the south – served by a great central open stair wich also faces south and leads towards a common garden.
Playgrounds, flowers and vegetables for everyone.
Preserve symbiosis between young and old
Create dwellings for 50 old people in each neighbourhoods
Dwellings in three rings – central core with cooking and nursing provided
Cottages near the core
Cottages further out from the core – mixed among the other houses of the neighbourhood – enver more than 200 yds from the core
Work for old people – teaching and looking after tiny children
Workplaces clustered in groups of 15.
Lunch counters, sports shops.
For workplaces to function as community – five relationships are critical.
1 workspaces clustered in groups of 15
2 mix of manual jobs, desk jobs, craft jobs, selling etc
3 common piece of land within the work community – tying it all together.
4 interlaced with the larger community in which it is located.
Shops and cafes at the seam between them
Square at the heart of the community, a public square.
INDUSTRIAL RIBBON
INNER COURTS AND gardens within the industry
Formed along the edge of neighbourhoods
Truck access and some rail transport.
Industrial ribbons must be placed fairly near to ring roads. 200 and 500 ft wide ribbons of industry treat the edge of the ribbons as places where member of the community can benefit from the industrial activity.
University network p.234 market place.
Master and apprentice type situation
Town hall located at the heart of the community – a source of real neighbourhood power. A public forum – arena. With office space around. Community project zone.
Within area of major pedestrian intersection.
Communities of 7000
Necklace of community projects around the space
Market of many shops.
Pike place market, seattle Washington – use as an overlay.
Autonomous and specialized smaller shops.
6 to 12 feet pedestrian aisles
shops – six by nine feet.
Health centres – small, widely distributed – swimming, dancing space, sports – physical activities.
One health centre per community of 7,000 health parks knitted together loosely with the rest of the town
Draw houses into all non-residential areas. Make the entire area – lived in!
Looped roads – making it impossible for cars that don’t have a destination to use them
Green streets, fruit trees and flowers.
Pedestrian paths parallel to the main road – feeding into other pedestrian paths.
GATEWAYS to mark changes in boundary
Mixed system of bikepaths – bikepaths separated by trees or raised
Bike paths always on the sunny side of the street
Quiet backs – walk along the seine river walks
Connecting to water, flowers densely planted etc
Every house within 3 minutes walk of a park
Public squares should be small
60 ft diameter
high places
should include a physical climb
place for dancing and musicians
overlay venice
25 percent of land in a neighbourhood held as common land – playspace, sports, vegetable garden
64 households to be connected to common land with children
playgrounds, animals
public outdoor rooms
partly enclosed spaces
grave sites scattered 200 years then out to sea
pools ponds and holes scattered through the city
with a gradual edge and gradual deepening
arrange the pool as part of a system of natural running water – so that it purifies itself
needs southern exposure
with an outdoor room or trellis where people can sit and watch
individual sports
scattered sports
team sports
adventure playground – access to raw materials – nets, boxes, barrels, trees, ropes, simple tools, grames, grass and wad water. Playgrounds of their own.
Fenced and protected common land to keep animals
Free to graze with water, trees and grass
Placed near schools so children can take care of the animals.
Autonomous departments within offices
Two floors maximum for offices
Universities working under the concept of masters and apprentices
Small independent schools in shop fronts with a teacher ratio of 1:10
Hundreds of tiny shops with low rents
- no more than 50 square feet.
Traveler’s inn
Bus stops within a few hundred feet of every house and bus stop.
A newsstand and a flower wagon at the corner
Tiny centres of public life. Gateways into neighbourhoods
Do not let the ground area covered by buildings exceed 50 percent of the site.
Do not let height of buildings vary too much from predominant buildings surrounding the site.
South facing outdoors of buildings
Courtyards – manhattan district as an overlay
See page 484
A series of distinguishable entrances into buildings
Nine percent parking – small parking lots.
Narrow long buildings for daylight – access to natural light
Rooms no more than 12 feet deep
Arrange buildings so they break down into wings
No more than 25 feet wide
Connect all buildings to each other – even if not physically but with outdoor rooms to foster social interaction – stop people from being independent from each other.
Half hidden gardens – maximize the use of the garden – gardens to the side of the street.
Roofs – sloped living walls.
ROOF GARDENS
Arcades to connect people to buildings
LAYING OUT PATHS – at natural points of interest – connect the goals to one another.
Streets should be for staying in – an outside public room. Seats and galleries
Create streets with positive elliptical shapes - places to pause and sit.
Streets places to stay, not just to pass through.
Build right up to the paths accommodating to the shape of the the street.
150 square feet per person, an area is lovely – 500ft an area is dead.
150-300 sqft per person depening on the business.
Life is drawn from the edges of public space. Must be a middle or centre to the space.
Stand slightly off centre
Private terrace on the street
Fuse waiting areas with another form of activity.
Listed below are the patterns, and how to place them together:
First, one all important comment about the region as a whole: |
1. INDEPENDENT REGIONS
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Within each region work toward those
regional policies which will protect the land and mark the limits of the
cities:
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2. THE DISTRIBUTION OF TOWNS
3. CITY COUNTRY FINGERS
4. AGRICULTURAL VALLEYS
5. LACE OF COUNTRY STREETS
6. COUNTRY TOWNS
7. THE COUNTRYSIDE
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Through city policies, encourage the
piecemeal formation of those major structures which define the city :
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8. MOSAIC OF SUBCULTURES
9. SCATTERED WORK
10. MAGIC OF THE CITY
11. LOCAL TRANSPORT AREAS
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Build up these larger city patterns
from the grass roots, through action essentially controlled by two levels of
self-governing communities, which exist as physically identifiable places
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12. COMMUNITY OF 7000
13. SUBCULTURE BOUNDARY
14. IDENTIFIABLE NEIGHBORHOOD
15. NEIGHBORHOOD BOUNDARY
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Connect communities to one another by
encouraging the growth of the following networks:
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16. WEB OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
17. RING ROADS
18. NETWORK OF LEARNING
19. WEB OF SHOPPING
20. MINI-BUSES
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Establish
community and neighborhood policy to control the character of the local
environment according to the following fundamental principles;
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21.
FOUR-STORY LIMIT
22. NINE PER CENT PARKING
23. PARALLEL ROADS
24. SACRED SITES
25. ACCESS TO WATER
26. LIFE CYCLE
27. MEN AND WOMEN
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Both in the neighborhoods and the
communities, and in between them, in the boundaries, encourage the formation
of local centers;
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28. ECCENTRIC NUCLEUS
29. DENSITY RINGS
30- ACTIVITY NODES
31- PROMENADE
32- SHOPPING STREET
33. NIGHT LIFE
34. INTERCHANGE
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Around these centers, provide for the
growth of housing in the form of clusters, based on face-to-face human
groups;
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35. HOUSEHOLD MIX
36. DEGREES OF PUBLICNESS
37. HOUSE CLUSTER
38. ROW HOUSES
39. HOUSING HILL
40. OLD PEOPLE EVERYWHERE
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Between the house clusters, around the
centers, and especially in the boundaries between neighborhoods, encourage
the formation of work communities
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41. WORK COMMUNITY
42. INDUSTRIAL RIBBON
43. UNIVERSITY AS A MARKETPLACE
44. LOCAL TOWN HALL
45. NECKLACE OF COMMUNITY PROJECTS
46. MARKET OF MANY SHOPS
47. HEALTH CENTER
48. HOUSING IN BETWEEN
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Between the house clusters and work
communities, allow the local road and path network to grow informally,
piecemeal
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49. LOOPED LOCAL ROADS
50. T JUNCTIONS
51. GREEN STREETS
52. NETWORK OF PATHS AND CARS
53. MAIN GATEWAYS
54. ROAD CROSSING
55. RAISED WALK
56. BIKE PATHS AND RACKS
57. CHILDREN IN THE CITY
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In the communities and neighborhoods,
provide public open land where people can relax, rub shoulders and renew
themselves
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58. CARNIVAL
59. QUIET BACKS
6o. ACCESSIBLE GREEN
6i. SMALL PUBLIC SQUARES
62. HIGH PLACES
63- DANCING IN THE STREET
64- POOLS AND STREAMS
65. BIRTH PLACES
66. HOLY GROUND
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In each house cluster and work
community, provide the smaller bits of common land, to provide for local
versions of the same needs
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67. COMMON LAND
68. CONNECTED PLAY
69. PUBLIC OUTDOOR ROOM
70. GRAVE SITES
71. STILL WATER
72. LOCAL SPORTS
73. ADVENTURE PLAYGROUND
74- ANIMALS
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Within the framework of the common
land, the clusters, and the work communities encourage transformation of
the smallest independent social institutions: the families, workgroups,
and gathering places. The family, in all its forms;
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75. THE FAMILY
76. HOUSE FOR A SMALL FAMILY
77. HOUSE FOR A COUPLE
78. HOUSE FOR ONE PERSON
79. YOUR OWN HOME
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The workgroups, including all kinds of
workshops and offices and even children's learning groups:
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80. SELF-GOVERNING WORKSHOPS AND OFFICES
81. SMALL SERVICES WITHOUT RED TAPE
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The first group of patterns helps to
lay out the overall
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82. OFFICE CONNECTIONS
83- MASTER AND APPRENTICES
84. TEENAGE SOCIETY
85. SHOPFRONT SCHOOLS
86. CHILDREN'S HOME
87- INDIVIDUALLY OWNED SHOPS
88. STREET CAFÉ
89. CORNER GROCERY
90. BEER HALL
9I. TRAVELER'S INN
92. BUS STOP
93. FOOD STANDS
94- SLEEPING IN PUBLIC
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BUILDINGS
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This completes the global patterns
which define a town or a part of the community. We
now,start tat part of the language which gives shape to groups of buildings,
and individual buildings, on the land, in three dimensions. These are the
patterns which can be "designed)' or "built”- the patterns which
define the individual buildings and the space between buildings; where we are
dealing f or the first time with Patterns that are under the control of
individuals or small groups of individuals, who are able to build the
patterns all at once.
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Arrangement of a group of buildings:
the height and number of these buildings, the entrances to the site, main
parking areas and lines of movement through the complex.
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95. BUILDING COMPLEX
96. NUMBER OF STORIES
97. SHIELDED PARKING
98. CIRCULATION REALMS
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the local shops and gathering places.
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99. MAIN BUILDING
100. PEDESTRIAN STREET
101. BUILDING THOROUGHFARE
102. FAMILY OF ENTRANCES
103. SMALL PARKING LOTS
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Fix the position of individual
buildings on the site, within the complex, one by one, according to the
nature of the site, the trees, the sun: this is one of the most important
moments in the language.
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104. SITE REPAIR
105. SOUTH FACING OUTDOORS
io6. POSITIVE OUTDOOR SPACE
I07. WINGS OF LIGHT
io8. CONNECTED BUILDINGS
I09. LONG THIN HOUSE
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Within the buildings' wings, lay out
the entrances, the gardens, courtyards, roofs, and terraces: shape both the
volume of fhe buildings and the volume of the space between the buildings at
the same time-remembering that indoor space and outdoor space, Yin and Yang,
must alwavs aet their sha e together;
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IIO. MAIN ENTRANCE
II 1. HALF-HIDDEN GARDEN
II2. ENTRANCE TRANSITION
II3. CAR CONNECTION
114. HIERARCHY OF OPEN SPACE
1I5. COURTYARDS WHICH LIVE
ii6. CASCADE OF ROOFS
II7. SHELTERING ROOF
II8. ROOF GARDEN
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When the major parts of buildings and
the outdoor areas have been given their rough shape, it is the right time to
give more detailed attention to the paths and squares between the buildings
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II9. ARCADES
I20. PATHS AND GOALS
121. PATH SHAPE
122. BUILDING FRONTS
i23. PEDESTRIAN DENSITY
124. ACTIVITY POCKETS
125. STAIR SEATS
126. SOMETHING ROUGHLY IN THE MIDDLE
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Now, with the paths fixed, we come
back to the buildings: within the various wings of any one building, work out
the fundamental gradients of space, and decide how the movement will connect
the spaces in the gradients;
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127. INTIMACY GRADIENT
128. INDOOR SUNLIGHT
129. COMMON AREAS AT THE HEART
I30. ENTRANCE ROOM
13I. THE FLOW THROUGH ROOMS
132. SHORT PASSAGES
I33. STAIRCASE AS A STAGE
134. ZEN VIEW
I35. TAPESTRY OF LIGHT AND DARK
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Within the framework of the wings and
their internal gradients of space and movement, define the most important
areas and rooms. First, for a house
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136. COUPLE'S REALM
137. CHILDREN'S REALM
I38. SLEEPING TO THE EAST
139. FARMHOUSE KITCHEN
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Prepare to knit the inside of the
building to the outside, by treating the edge between the two as a place in
its own right, and making human details there;
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140. PRIVATE TERRACE ON THE STREET
141. A ROOM OF ONE'S OWN
142. SEQUENCE OF SITTING SPACES
143. BED CLUSTER
144. BATHING ROOM
145.BULK STORAGE
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Then the same for offices, workshops,
and public buildings:
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146. FLEXIBLE OFFICE SPACE
147. COMMUNAL EATING
148. SMALL WORK GROUPS
149. RECEPTION WELCOMES YOU
I50. A PLACE TO WAIT
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Decide on the arrangement of the
gardens, and the places in the gardens
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151. SMALL MEETING ROOMS i
I52. HALF-PRIVATE OFFICE
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Add those small outbuildings which
must be slightly in dependent from the main structure, and put in the access
from the upper stories to the street and gardens;
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I 53. ROOMS TO RENT
154. TEENAGER'S COTTAGE
155. OLD AGE COTTAGE
156. SETTLED WORK
I57. HOME WORKSHOP
158. OPEN STAIRS
I59. LIGHT ON TWO SIDES OF EVERY ROOM
i6o. BUILDING EDGE
i6i. SUNNY PLACE
i62. NORTH FACE
i63. OUTDOOR ROOM
i64. STREET WINDOWS
i65. OPENING TO THE STREET
i66. GALLERY SURROUND
i67. SIX-FOOT BALCONY
i68. CONNECTION TO THE EARTH
i69. TERRACED SLOPE
I70. FRUIT TREES
171. TREE PLACES
172. GARDEN GROWING WILD
I73. GARDEN WALL
174. TRELLISED WALK
175. GREENHOUSE
I76. GARDEN SEAT
I77. VEGETABLE GARDEN
178. COMPOST
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Go back to the inside of the building
and attach the necessary minor rooms and alcoves to complete the main rooms:
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179. ALCOVES
180. WINDOW PLACE
181. THE FIRE
I82. EATING ATMOSPHERE
I83. WORKSPACE ENCLOSURE
i84. COOKING LAYOUT
185. SITTING CIRCLE
i86. COMMUNAL SLEEPING
I87. MARRIAGE BED
i88. BED ALCOVE
I89. DRESSING ROOM
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Fine tune the shape and size of rooms
and alcoves to make them precise and buildable:
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190. CEILING HEIGHT VARIETY
191. THE SHAPE OF INDOOR SPACE
192. WINDOWS OVERLOOKING LIFE
I93. HALF-OPEN WALL
194. INTERIOR WINDOWS
195. STAIRCASE VOLUME
196. CORNER DOORS
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Give all the walls some depth,
wherever there are to be alcoves, windows, shelves, closets, or seats
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197. THICK WALLS
I98. CLOSETS BETWEEN ROOMS
Igg. SUNNY COUNTER
200. OPEN SHELVES
20I. WAIST-HIGH SHELF
202. BUILT-IN SEATS
203- CHILD CAVES
204- SECRET PLACE
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CONSTRUCTION
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At this stage, you have a complete
design f or an individual building. If you have followed the patterns
given, you have a scheme of spaces, either marked on the ground, with stakes,
or on a piece of paper, accurate to the nearest foot or so. You know
the height of rooms, the rough size and position of windows and doors, and
you know roughly how the roofs I of the building, and the gardens are laid
out.
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The next, and last part of the
language), tells how to make a buildable building directly from this rough
scheme of spaces,, and tells you how to build it) in detail.
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Before you lay out structural details,
establish a philosophy of structure which will let the structure grow
directly from your plans and your conception of the buildings;
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205. STRUCTURE FOLLOWS SOCIAL SPACES
2o6. EFFICIENT STRUCTURE
207. GOOD MATERIALS
208. GRADUAL STIFFENING
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Within this philosophy of structure,
on the basis of the plans which you have made, work out the complete
structural layout; this is the last thing you do on paper, before you
actually start to build;
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209. ROOF LAYOUT
210. FLOOR AND CEILING LAYOUT
211. THICKENING THE OUTER WALLS
2I2. COLUMNS AT THE CORNERS
213. FINAL COLUMN DISTRIBUTION
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Put stakes in the ground to mark the
columns on the site, and start erecting the main frame of the building
according to the layout of these stakes
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214. ROOT FOUNDATIONS
215. GROUND FLOOR SLAB
216. BOX COLUMNS
2I7. PERIMETER BEAMS
218. WALL MEMBRANES
219. FLOOR-CEILING VAULTS
220. ROOF VAULTS
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Within the main frame of the building,
fix the exact positions for openings-the doors and windows-and frame these
openings;
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22I. NATURAL DOORS AND WINDOWS
222. LOW SILL
223. DEEP REVEALS
224. LOW DOORWAY
225. FRAMES AS THICKENED EDGES
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As you build the main frame and its
openings, put in the following subsidiary patterns where they are
appropriate;
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226. COLUMN PLACE
227- COLUMN CONNECTION
228. STAIR.VAULT
229. DUCT SPACE-
230. RADIANT HEAT
23I. DORMER WINDOWS
232. ROOF CAPS
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Put in the surfaces and indoor
details;
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233. FLOOR SURFACE
234. LAPPED OUTSIDE WALLS
235. SOFT INSIDE WALLS
236. WINDOWS WHICH OPEN WIDE
237- SOLID DOORS WITH GLASS
238. FILTERED LIGHT
239- SMALL PANES
240. HALF-INCH TRIM
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Build outdoor details to finish the
outdoors as fully as the indoor spaces;
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24I. SEAT SPOTS
242. FRONT DOOR BENCH
243- SITTING WALL
244. CANVAS ROOFS
245. RAISED FLOWERS
246. CLIMBING PLANTS
247- PAVING WITH CRACKS BETWEEN THE STONES
248. SOFT TILE AND BRICK
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Complete the building with ornament
and light and color and your own things;
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249- ORNAMENT
250. WARM COLORS
251. DIFFERENT CHAIRS
252. POOLS OF LIGHT 5
253- THINGS FROM YOUR LIFE
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